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Introduction: understanding the contours of Africa's past --Part I. Polity, society, and economy: ingenuity and violence in the nineteenth century --Western transitions: slave trade and "legitimate" commerce in Atlantic Africa --Eastern intrusions: slaves and ivory in Eastern Africa --Southern frontiers: colony and revolution in Southern Africa --Part II. Africa and Islam: revival and reform in the nineteenth century --Revival and reaction: North African Islam --Jihad: revolutions in Western Africa --The eastern crescent: the Islamic frontier in Eastern Africa --Part III. Africa and Europe: commerce, conflict and co-option, to c.1920 113 --The compass and the cross --"Whatever happens ...": towards the scramble --Africans adapting: conquest and partition --Part IV. Colonialisms --"Pax colonia"? Empires of soil and service --Hard times: protest, identity, and depression --Battles home and away: Africa in global war (again) --Part V. The dissolution of empire --The beached whale: colonial strategies in the postwar world --Conceiving and producing nations --Compromising conflict: routes to independence --Part VI. Legacies, new beginnings, and unfinished business --Unsafe foundations: challenges of independence --Violence and the militarization of political culture --Rectification, redemption, and reality: issues and trends in contemporary Africa.