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The Medicaid Statistical Information System (MSIS) files, and the corresponding researcher-friendly Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX) data files, support a wide range of studies on Medicaid enrollment, service use, and expenditures. There is currently considerable interest at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in examining health reform proposals, program integrity, and access-to-care issues among Medicaid providers by type of provider. However, it has not been possible to conduct provider-based research activities because the provider identification (ID) numbers collected in MSIS were largely unedited, undocumented, and state-specific. Beginning in 2004, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) mandated covered entities such as health care providers, health plans, and health care clearinghouses to obtain and use a National Provider Identifier (NPI) in all administrative and financial HIPAA transactions (CMS 2010). The NPI is a unique, 10-digit, sequentially assigned, national identification number, unstructured so as not to carry in any way information such as the state or medical specialty of the health care provider who owns the identifier. Starting in February 2009, CMS required states to include NPIs on their MSIS claims.