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The purpose of this report is to describe what is known about the effects of sound (including those from pile driving activities) on fishes and to identify studies needed to address areas of uncertainty relative to measurement of sound and the response of fishes. Exposure to sound is defined to include both the received level and duration of the signal. The emphasis of this report is on the known effects of sound received by fishes. The effects are known if both the received sound and its elicited effect are well defined. Detailed source characteristics of various types of piles and detailed analyses of the effectiveness of various sound attenuation technologies (e.g., bubble curtains) are beyond the scope of this report.