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Reasons for the occurrence of phenols, especially in water and sewage, are discussed. These compounds distinctly affect the biocoenosis of the receiver both in respect to higher organisms, as e.g., fish, as well as to microorganisms. Thanks to adaptation some microorganisms become able to decompose phenols. Usually the biological oxidization of various cyclic compounds is achieved by forming pyrocatechol, which is then oxidized to simple organic acids. These processes are due to bacteria, actinomycetes, moulds and yeast. They are influenced by such parameters as: pH, temperature, nutritive substances as well as substances associated in the phenols. The suitable choice of these parameters ensures proper effects in processes of biological treatment. 90 references.