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In 2003-04, the National White Collar Crime Center (NW3C) conducted a study to examine the association between intellectual property (IP) and white-collar crime (WCC). The goal of the study was to create a coherent picture of the linkage between IP and WCC and to identify future research that would benefit policy makers (in developing IP law); federal, state, and local agencies (in enforcing IP law); and the general public (in understanding IP issues). To establish a foundation for the study, NW3C researchers examined theories of intellectual property rights (IPR), current issues and concerns related to IP, and legal cases through a review of books, journal articles, government reports, and newspaper articles. In addition, NW3C participated in quarterly meetings with law enforcement, prosecutors, and IP industry professionals recognized as experts in the area of IP. Some of these experts participated in individual interviews or completed questionnaires about observations, opinions, and views based on their experience. The purpose of the interviews and questionnaires was to elicit responses to pointed questions about the nature and consequences of IPR violations and to encourage open discussion of obstacles, needs, and concerns in the enforcement community.