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This study was conducted at the request of the Biomass Energy Systems (BES) Branch of the Department of Energy. The purpose was to provide an independent, objective, and candid assessment of the status and possible future directions of the DOE-sponsored R and D program in direct liquefaction of biomass being conducted at the process development facility operated by Rust Engineering at Albany, Oregon. In addition, this report provides a general overview of research and technology in biomass liquefaction, reconsiders uses and markets for the wood-oil product of direct liquefaction, reevaluates the technoeconomics of upgrading wood-oil, compares biomass liquefaction technologies, examines the cost-effectiveness of the direct liquefaction program, and offers conclusions and recommendations. The results indicate that there appears to be little economic justification now for major process development efforts (i.e., large, protracted pilot-plant programs). (ERA citation 07:006966)