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Cancer accounts for nearly one-fourth of all deaths in the United States and ranks high among causes of mortality. Monitoring cancer trends and related factors is critical to reducing the burden of cancer. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) supports cancer surveillance research to study these trends and quantitatively measure cancer incidence, morbidity, survival, and mortality for persons with cancer in the United States. Cancer surveillance also assesses genetic predisposition, environmental and behavioral risk factors, screening practices, and the quality of care from prevention through palliation. In short, cancer surveillance measures progress made toward reducing the burden of cancer and provides a basis for advancing research and interventions across the cancer control continuum in prevention, early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. Appropriate decisions in science and public health depend on reliable data about the impact of efforts to control cancer, and cancer surveillance research provides a basis for the public to assess the efficacy of National efforts to detect and treat cancer in the general population.