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The design calculations and the nomographs yield temperatures, strains, and stresses based on idealized assumptions of purely elastic reactions and uniform physical properties of refractories. The nomographs include, in addition, some approximate correlations among physical properties. The discussion of differences between these assumptions and the proportions of real monolithic refractories reveals that transient thermal gradients increase hot-face compressive stresses above those predicted by the calculations. Conversely, the irregular dimensional changes during initial heating reduce transient hot-face compressive stresses. These two effects tend to cancel one another during the initial heating cycle, and transient thermal gradient effects are minimized in succeeding cycles by the converse permanent dimensional effects of shrinkage and stress relaxation.