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To investigate the electrochemical mechanism of reduction of CO2 or carbonate species to useful fuels e.g., methanol and methane by means of sunlight and semiconductor electrodes. Carbon dioxide is an abundant raw material that may be used as a source of inorganic carbon. By suitable electrochemical processes this inorganic carbon may be converted to organic carbon in the form of methanol and methane, which could be used as a fuel. Such electrochemical conversions can be made to occur at semiconductor electrodes. In addition, semiconductor electrodes absorb light, and this light can be converted to a voltage that causes the electrochemical transformations of interest. By combining the CO2 water semiconductor, and sunlight, we can store solar energy in the fuel. The end result is a method to upgrade the products of ordinary combustion, namely CO2 and H2O, by returning them to useful fuels. This research program consists of a study of the electrochemical and solid state aspects of the conversion of CO2 to fuels at semiconductor electrodes.