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Recent studies on the fate in the environment and the toxicology of alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEs), the most versatile and cost-effective nonionic surfactants, are reviewed. Topics discussed include the environmental fate and effects (APE biodegradation, monitoring studies, acute and chronic toxicity, bioaccumulation), effects to the endocrine system (in vitro studies, in vivo studies, animal studies), the status of regulatory activities (USA, Canada, Europe, Japan, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations), and public perceptions. Scientific evidence demonstrating the health and environmental safety of APE surfactants is strong and continues to get stronger as more research is published. APE concentrations in the environment are generally very low and pose no discernable risks to aquatic organisms, wildlife or human health beyond localized 'hot spots' of pollution. Textile manufacturers employ APE-containing products in many processing steps; they may be used with confidence as long as sound handling and disposal practices are followed. The market for APE surfactants is still vigorous and will remain so, because they are safe, cost-effective, and versatile.