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Although a small producer compared with China, India, the USA and Pakistan, Australia is a significant producer of the world's exported medium/high medium quality cotton. Nearly all Australia's cotton is exported for high quality use in mills in Asia, with Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, South Korea and China being the main destinations. The strength of Australian cotton in these markets comes from the adoption of CSIRO bred varieties and the implementation of best farming technologies and practices. These have led to the creation of one of the most efficient and environmentally sound industries in the world. However, production efficiency alone does not support a commodity in today's markets. Further attention to quality is required to ensure Australia cotton remains recognized as one of the premium growths on the world cotton market. A recent survey of mills using Australian cotton revealed concerns amongst spinners about some aspects of Australian fibre quality. The basis of these concerns lay, directly or indirectly, with the management of cotton fibre maturity and fineness, from variety selection through harvest preparation and ginning to the planning of mill lay-downs. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief history of the modern Australian cotton industry and the initiatives being taken by the industry to address and remedy the current shortcomings in its fibre and of cotton in general.