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The lack of mechanisms for encouraging the industry to R&D expenditures destimulates the innovativeness and competitiveness of the economy. The increase in the durable property, the investment structure and the reproduction of fixed assets describe the situation and perspectives of the economical development both in the private and public sectors of the industry. An analysis of machine operation in the industry (including the industrial processing and production of investment goods) under Polish economy conditions was presented. The adjustment of the national economy structures to the requirements of global knowledge-based economy and the efficient improvement of selected industrial sectors as a result of smooth transfer of innovative achievements were presented as the trends occurring in the operation of fixed assets during the 15-year transformation of the Polish economy. The changes in the structure of durable property were, however, not high enough to stimulate the industrial production. The Polish industry paid more attention to follow the short-term market demands than to invest in the long-term development.