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Medium Speed Engine development is facing big challenges regarding mechanical and thermal loading due to future market demands as well as reduced NO(x), HC, CO and particulate emissions without drawbacks in fuel consumption/CO2-emissions, engine reliability and cost. Depending on the engine size and the application (e.g. marine-propulsion, gen-set or railroad) and under consideration of different fuels, (e.g. distillate, heavy fuel oil, gas, alternative fuels) a variety of measures like flexibility in the injection-system combined with increased injection pressure and variable valve-timing will have an impact on the engine development. 2-stage turbo charging and waste heat recovering as well as possible exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and exhaust after treatment systems will have to be considered. In order to investigate these different functional features, even before a new multi cylinder engine will be available, a single cylinder test engine is the most efficient tool to support these developments. Not only combustion related issues can be investigated but also several cylinder individual mechanical and thermal-load related questions can be tested. Such single cylinder engine investigations will shorten development time and cost, and will improve engine reliability right from start of market introduction of a new engine family. The paper will give an overview about the bore and stroke range which can be covered by the single cylinder engine family as well as a detailed description of the engine family capabilities, features, modularity. A further part of the paper will be an introduction of the variety of investigations which can be done by such a single cylinder engine. Finally development cost- and time-saving potential by use of single cylinder engine testing will be evaluated.