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The Steel Industry Technology Roadmap of March 1998 on page 11 states the following: "The ultimate objective in the iron smelting area is to develop a coal-based process that produces liquid iron directly from coal and ore fines or concentrate. Liquid iron is preferred to solid iron because there is no gangue and it retains its sensible heat. Coal is obviously preferred over coke or natural gas because of its abundance and lower cost. If possible, the use of fines or concentrate will eliminate agglomeration costs. These new processes should have a high smelting intensity or productivity. High productivity and the elimination of coke making and agglomeration will significantly reduce capital costs." The Calderon Unique Process, which eliminates palletizing, sintering, coke making, and blast furnace operation, complies with all the requisites specified in the referred Roadmap in all respects and advances it to not only produce liquid iron from iron ore fines or concentrate and non-metallurgical coal but also co-produce steel direct. The process comprises three steps: STEP 1. The formation of an iron/carbon Intermediate from low cost crushed thermal coal and iron ore fines or concentrate in a battery of pressurized reactors which are closed to the atmosphere to prevent emissions; STEP 2. The melting of the Intermediate while hot in a Channel Induction Furnace (CIF) to convert the Intermediate into liquid iron; and STEP 3. The direct pouring of the liquid iron from the CIF into a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) which is physically integrated and conjoined to the CIF, where the liquid iron is blown into steel.