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The biosphere contains a myriad of subtances which can influence or stimulate various aspects of the health and behaviour of living organisms. Not surprisingly therefore, in the last decade or so researchers have appreciated the potential of developing a range of molecular sensor technologies, designed to estimate and monitor biological and chemical substances with a view to eventually controlling the biological processes themselves. This development has been accelerated recently by the realisation that molecular sensors offer considerable commercial potential. At the same time it was quickly appreciated that such sensors could revolutionise several areas, including health care, pollution and contamination monitoring, agricultural, on-line monitoring and control of industrial chemical processing, and strategic and tactical monitoring of chemical warfare. This brief review considers the changing scene in molecular sensor research by reference to a few key examples.