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An opto-mechanical coupler has been designed which transfers the maximum laser energy into mechanically destructive energy, and successfully fragments various types of urinary and biliary calculi even including those calculi with poor surface absorptance, like pure white cystine. A solid state laser, Ho:YAG 2.1 micron wavelength and 150 microseconds pulse width), has also been tested as an alternative to the flashlamp-excited dye laser. The underwater shock wave induced by this laser has been measured and has successfully fragmented calculi with poor absorptance in the visible region. The Er:YAG laser (3.94 micron wavelength) has also been evaluated for lithotripsy. Since there is not at present a fully developed fibre for this laser wavelength the Er:YAG laser in lithotripsy is not practical at the moment although the absorption coefficient of water at this wavelength is very high at 3000 cm-1.