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Analysis of the conversion of measured frequency-domain data to the time domain (where the reflection data is computed from S-parameters) will be used to describe transmission-line junction effects. Since frequency-domain test instruments are readily available, the time-domain data can be computed from measured S-parameters. The necessary frequency-domain data is usually taken on an automatic network analyzer at harmonic intervals. The time-domain response is a convolution of the measured data with an impulse or step function. This new artificially created time-domain reflectometry (TDR) can be interpreted to give an equivalent circuit value. The resolving power is determined by the highest harmonic frequency used in the S-parameter measurements. The number of harmonics used in the convolution determines the lowest fundamental harmonic which in turn determines the time (distance) that can be scanned.