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The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, formerly the National Bureau of Standards) is conducting a long-term study of ventilation and air quality in the Madison Building of the Library of Congress. NIST is conducting continuous measurements of whole building air exchange rates, as well as periodic measurements of local ventilation characteristics and indoor levels of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, respirable particulates, radon and radon progeny, and volatile organic compounds. During the first phase of the study, NIST measured whole building air exchange rates, local air exchange characteristics, and indoor concentrations of carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The report presents the techniques used to make these measurements and the results that have been obtained as of September 1989. The results indicate that the whole building air exchange rate is relatively constant over time and that the ventilation air is well distributed throughout the building.