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Contents: Part I: Demonstration of a general property of closed surfaces; An additional graphical portrayal; Contour lines; Varying the contour interval and singular points; Singular points and lines; Hill and dales and territories; Surfaces and the mathematical functions of three variables; Multiple passes and pales; Hill, dales, territories and general topological considerations; The indicatrix; Surfaces, flows, and dimensions; Part II: Exponential and allometric growth as most probable states for open systems; On the ordering of tree-like course lines on surfaces; The example of the river; On the ordering of tree-like course lines on surfaces: The example of mountain glaciers; On the ordering of points in areas: The example of a central place system for human activities; On the similarities and differences between tree-like and web-like open systems; A theory of geomorphic cyclical evolution based on the graded profile; The potential of population surface and flows; Fronts in the atmosphere and hydrosphere and other discontinuities.