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The flow of heat energy between the electrical heating element and the item being heated is the main factor to be taken into account when calculating the power requirements for a furnace. Heat energy is transferred by radiation or forced convection, or a combination of the two. The choice of heating element depends on the load factor, the expected lifetime and the atmosphere inside the furnace. Element materials include metal alloys, specific metals and non-metallic resistances. The specification of the electrical power requirements is governed by the C15-100 standard for low-voltage electrical installations and the CEI 519 standard relating to the safety of electrically powered heating equipment. The thermal installation may be a uniform single layer or multiple layers of different materials. The method of attaching the insulation to the furnace body and the mounting of the heating elements must also be taken into account.