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The brake shoes made of TIIR-type frictional materials have been used in Russian railway rolling stock for more than 15 years. Network or wire-reinforced polymer-matrix and metal-ceramic composite materials were used for production of brake shoes of a new generation. The polymer-matrix composites have a low heat conductivity and the major part (more than 95 %) of generated heat has to be accumulated by the wheel thread. Asbestos-free polymer-matrix composites made of TIIR-308 and 2110 type materials are allowed to be used in rail cars travelling to the Western Europe. The sintered graphite-containing metal-ceramic bronze material Diapunkt K-4 showed the load, temperature and climate-independent friction coefficients and extremely high wear resistance. The brake shoes can be operated at 450 deg C (momentarily up to 850 deg C). The shoes have been exploited in electric locomotives for 3 years. The friction coefficient of all brake shoes decreased with increasing driving speed of the rail car. The highest friction coefficient was found for the metal-ceramic brake shoes, a lower one for the polymer-matrix composite and the lowest one for cast iron.