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This Phase II proposal (G. Tononi-PI) resulted from the combination of two independent projects in Phase I: 'Rapid discovery of continuous performance and power-nap compounds through large-scale mutagenesis in Drosophila' (G. Tononi-PI, C. Cirelli-CoPI) and 'Avian models of sustained wakefulness' (R. Benca-PI, N. Rattenborg-CoPI). The goal of both projects was to find ways to postpone temporarily the need for sleep, and do so in a way that is completely safe. In Phase I, the strategy had been to study animal models of sleeplessness, including models created through mutagenesis (flies) or naturally-occurring models (birds), in order to identify druggable targets that can be exploited.