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For as long as aerial warfare has existed, the continual expansion of offensive air and missile weapons capabilities has led militaries to develop commensurate defensive capabilities. These "air defense systems" (also called "air and missile defense" (AMD) systems) provide surveillance, tracking, command and control, and weapons delivery capabilities to battlefield commanders. Historically, AMD systems were independently operated and managed by each military service. Gradually, they became more connected, and today several of these systems can communicate and operate collectively. This is basis for the concept of an integrated air defense system, or IADS. According to the Department of Defense (DOD), an "IADS is not a formal system in itself, but the aggregate of Service / functional component and agency AMD systems."