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The biomass is often mistakenly recognized as a waste with only a fuel value. Cellulose is the most widely studied polymer derived from cotton, jute, agave, flax and hemp and used in the production of cellulose fibres. Natural cellulose fibres can be used in textile and paper industries, as a component of composite materials as well as for other industrial applications (cereal straws, banana and pineapple leaves, coconut shells, corn stalks and husks). Keratin is an example of polymers derived from animal biomass. Chicken feathers are the cheapest raw material for production of the protein due to their high keratin content (90-95 %) and high availability. The feathers can be successfully used as a filler in composite materials with improved acoustic and thermal properties. Keratin has fire-retardant properties and the composition of its exhaust gases is similar to that produced by combustion of fuels belonging to the biomass group. The most common source of chitin and chitosan are marine crustaceans. They are also produced by fungi or bacteria in the course of microbial fermentation. Chitosan can be applied in waste water treatment, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals or for the production of haemostatic medical dressings, accelerating wound healing process.